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DIRECTORATE OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

 POST GRADUATE SYLLABUS

MASTER OF ARTS IN HUMAN RESOURCE
M.A. (Human Resource)

Course Structure

Paper code Paper No. Name of the Subject

FIRST YEAR

H1010 I Management Concepts
H1020 II Organisational Behaviour
H1030 III Human Resource Accounting
H1040 IV Industrial Relations Management
H1050 V Principles Of Human Resource Management

SECOND  YEAR

H2010 VI Personnel Management Concepts
H2020 VII Organisational Development
H2030 VIII Methodology Of Training And Development
H2040 IX Dynamics Of Management Of Change
H2050 X MIS In Human Resource Management

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MASTER OF ARTS IN HUMAN RESOURCE
M.A. (HUMAN RESOURCE)
FIRST YEAR

COURSE CODE: 28                                                                                              PAPER CODE : H1010

PAPER I - MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS

UNIT I

Nature and process of Management – Management as Science, Art and Profession – professionalisation of Management in India – Current Trends – Management Levels Vis-vis Skills.

UNIT II

Manager and Environment – Systems Approach to Management – Responsibilities of Management.

UNIT III

Planning – principles of planning- Types of plans – Steps in planning – Limitations of planning.

UNIT IV

Decision-making Models and Techniques – Management by Objectives (MBO) – policy Formulation.

UNIT V

Organising process – Organisation Structure and Design – Span of Management – Delegation and Decentralisation – Line and Staff Relationships.

UNIT VI

Essentials of Directing – Motivation Concepts – Leadership Styles – Communication process.

UNIT VII

Controlling – process of Control – prerequisites of Controlling Systems – Methods of Controls.

UNIT VIII

Comparative Management Styles with Special with Special Reference to Japanese Management practices – Organisational Creativity and Innovation – Entrepreneurial Management.

              References :-
              1. Harold Koontz & Heinz Weirich: Management, Mc Graw Hill, Tokyo.
              2. Stoner & Wankel: Management, prentice Hall of India Ltd., New York.
              3. Richard M. Hodgets: Management, Academic press, New York.
              4. Hampton: Management, Mc Graw Hill, Tokyo.
              5. peter F. Drucker: practice of Management, pan Books, London.

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M.A. (Human Resource)

  COURSE CODE: 28                                                                                         SUBJECT CODE : H1020

PAPER II - ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR

UNIT I

Organisational Behavior: Focus and purpose – Organisation – Meaning, Need and Importance of Organisation – Classification – Organisation Goals, prospects of Formal Organisation – Organisation – Organisational Behavior (OB) – Nature and scope – Contributions – OB Models – Features of Modern OB Model

UNIT II

Individual Behaviour, personality, Learning and Attitudes – personality – Definition – Biological,; cultural, Family, Social and Situational Factors – Theories of personality –Meaning of Learning – Learning process – Learning Theory and OB – Organisational Behaviour Modification – Meaning, Steps, process and practice, Attitudes – Characteristics – Components – Formation – Measurement of Attitude.

UNIT III

perception: perception – Meaning and Definition – Need – perception Vs. Sensation Mechanism – Factors influencing perception – percept Constancy, Context and Defence – Interpersonal perception.

UNIT IV

Group Behavior and Group Dynamics: Group Dynamics – Meaning – Types – Group in an Organisation – Group Size and Status – Influences – Emergence of Informal Leaders – Role – Relationships and Group Behaviour – Characteristics – Behaviour problems – Group Norms - Cohesiveness – Features – Effects – Group Thinking – Symptoms, Consequences and Remedy – Group Decision Making Techniques.

UNIT V

Power and Leadership: power – Meaning and Definition – Importance – power Vs Authority – Characteristics – Source of power – Use of power – Dynamics of power Leadership – The Concept – Leadership Styles – Continuum of Leader Behaviour – problems with the Continuum Leadership Theories.

UNIT VI

Dynamics of Organisational Behaviour, Organizational Change and Development: Organizational Change – Meaning – Nature of Work Change – Stability Vs Change – proactive Vs Reactive Change – pressure of Change – Changes in Managerial personnel – Change process – Organisational Resistance to Change – Management of Change –
Organisational Development – Definitions – Characteristics – Objectives – Team Building – Survey Feed Back – Four Systems Management.

UNIT VII

Organisational Effectiveness: Effectiveness Concept – Effectiveness Concept  - Effectiveness Vs Efficiency – perspectives – Approaches – Behavioural Approach to Organisational Effectiveness – Time Dimension – Achieving Organisational Effectiveness – Systems Approach.

UNIT VIII

Organisational Climate: Organisational Climate – Meaning and Definition - Factors affecting Organisational Climate – Structure – process – - Measurement of Organisational Climate – Job Satisfaction –Meaning and Definition – Need – Measurement – Consequences – Determination of  Job Satisfaction – Suggestions for improving Job Satisfaction.

             References:-

             1. Fred Luthans: Organisational Behaviour – New york, Mc Graw Hill.
             2. Fred Luthans, Richard M. Hodgetts and Stuart A. Rosen Rantz: Real
                 Managers – New York, Harper Collins, 1998.
             3. John W. Newstrom and Jhon L. pierce: Windows into Organisations, New york: AMACOM, 1990.
             4. Schermerhorn, Hunt and Osborn: Managing Organisational Behaviour -
                 John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1994.

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M.A. (Human Resource)

  COURSE CODE: 28                                                                                         SUBJECT CODE : H1030

PAPER III - HUMAN RESOURCE ACCOUNTING

UNIT I

Human Resource planning – Meaning and Definition – Importance – Natural Resources and Human Resources – Investment in Human Resources – How Investments in personnel are made – Quality of work Force Vs performance.

UNIT II

Efficient use of Human Resource – Efficient Use of Resources and Growth - Modern Market Investment Theory – Market portfolio – Enumerating the Assets – Calculating the Market value of Assets – Illiquid and Non-Marketable Assets – Human Capital.

UNIT III

Human Capital – Human Capital Investment - Expenditure Vs. productivity – Education and Training – Human Capital Discrimination.

UNIT IV

Human Resource Accounting – Converting Human Data into Money value – Objectives of Human Resource Accounting – Limitations of Human Resource Accounting – Approaches to Human Resource Accounting.

UNIT V

Investment Approach – Investment in Human Resources – Recruiting and Training Costs – Depreciation – Rates of Return – Organisational Behaviour Vs. Turnover – Waste of Human Resources and prevention.

UNIT VI

Organisational Climate Approach – Improvement and Deterioration of Organisational Climate – Determination of Changes in Human Resource Variables – Increased Costs, Cost Reduction and Future performance.

UNIT VII

Responsibility Accounting and Management Control – Responsibility Accounting – Management Control Structure and process – Classification of Costs – In Responsibility Accounting – Behavioural Aspects of Management Control – Social Control.

UNIT VIII

Personnel Costs, Auditing and Accounting – personnel Costs – Fringe Benefits – Audit Relationships – Audit Techniques – Accounting and Financial Statements.

              References :- 
              1. Accounting for Human Resources: Rakesh Chandra Katiyar, UK publishing House.
              2. Human Resource Accounting: M. ASaeed, D.K. Kulshreshtha, Anmol publications.
              3. Human Resource Accounting: D. prabakara Roa, Inter India publications.

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M.A. (Human Resource)

  COURSE CODE: 28                                                                                         SUBJECT CODE : H1040

PAPER IV - INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS MANAGEMENT

UNIT I

Nature of Industrial Relations – Iter personnel Relations and Industrial Relations – Areas covered by Industrial Relations – Importance of Industrial Relations – parties to Industrial Relations – Employees – Trade Unions – Employers – Role of Government.

UNIT II

Collective Bargaining – Meaning, Nature and Objects of Collective Bargaining – process of Collective Bargaining – Bargaining procedures –Bargaining Tactics – other Options – problem Solving Bargaining –Functions of Collective Bargaining – Theories of Collective Bargaining –Scope and Growth of Collective Bargaining in India.

UNIT III

Role of Management and Government – Management by Objectives –Worker psychology – Rationalisation and Automation – Ergonomics –Worker’s participation – Labour Welfare – Labour Administration.

UNIT IV

Trade Unions – Union’s Role in an Organisation – Role in Industrial Relation – Trade Unionism in India – Developments and Trends in trade. Union Movement – Central Organisations in India – Union Free Organisation – Trade Union Legislation.

UNIT V

Industrial Disputes – Nature and Causes of Industrial Disputes –prevention and Settlement of Disputes – Methods for Settlement of Industrial Disputes – State and Industrial Dispute – Industrial Dispute Legislation in India – Industrial Disputes Act, 1947.

UNIT VI

Grievance Systems – Grievance – Grievance procedure – Model Grievance procedure – Handling Grievance – Code of Discipline and Unfair Labour practices – Negotiations, Conciliations, Mediations – Arbitration – Benefits of Grievance Systems.

UNIT VII

Labour Legislation – Role of Judiciary in Industrial Relations – power of Judiciary in settling Disputes – Early Legislations – Legislation regarding Working Conditions – Welfare Legislation – Wage Regulation – Factory, Mining, plantation, Agriculture Legislations – Standing Orders.

UNIT VIII

Industrial Relations Training – Industrial Relations Activities – Strategy and Decisions – Communications – Relationships –Competence –Discipline – Conflict – Counselling – Role Shifting – Role of Human Resource Management.

              Reference Books

               1. Roger Fish and William Ury: Getting to yes: Negotiating Agreement without Giving in – New York:
                   penguin, 1985.
               2. Richard E. Walton – Managing Conflict: Interpersonal Dialogue and Third party Roles, Second Edition –                   Reading MA: Addison – Wesley, 1987.
               3. K. Aswathappa – Legal Environment of Business – Himalaya publishing House, New Delhi – 1996.
               4. Punekar, Deodhar and Sankaran – Labour Welfare, Trade Unionism and Industrial Relations – Himalaya
                   publishing House – New Delhi – 1998.

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M.A. (Human Resource)

  COURSE CODE: 28                                                                                         SUBJECT CODE : H1050

PAPER V - PRINCIPLES OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

UNIT I

Human Resource Management – Nature and Scope – Objectives – Nature of people and Organisations – personnel policies and principles – Environment of Human Resource Management – Social Systems – Human Resource Accounting and Audit.

UNIT II

Human Resources planning – Human Resource / Manpower planning – Meaning – process of HR planning – Job Analysis – Recruitment and Selection – Orientation and placement – Orientation Programmes.

UNIT III

Employee and Reward Systems – Training Personnel – Job Evaluation - Job Satisfaction – Appraising and Rewarding Performance – Money as a Means of Rewarding – Economic Incentive Systems – Wage Incentives – Wage Administration – Benefits and Services – profit and production Sharing.

UNIT IV

Motivation – Human Needs – Theories of Motivation – Maslow’s Hierarchy Needs – Herzberg’s Two Factor Model – Other Theories – Behavioural Modification – Motivational patterns – Expectancy Model – Application of Motivation Concepts.

UNIT V

Leadership, Communication and Counselling – Nature of Leadership Behaviour – Leadership Style – Employee Participation – Nature, Scope, programs and Benefits of participation – Employee Communication – Communication process – Communication Systems – Employee Counseling and Types.

UNIT VI

Environment and Employee Maintenance – Organisational and Social Environment – Quality of Work Life – Rights of privacy – Discipline – Employee Welfare, Safety and Health – Equal Opportunity – Promotions, Transfers and Separations.

UNIT VII

Industrial Relations – Nature of Industrial Relations – parties to Industrial Relations – Trade Unions – Collective Bargaining – Grievance Systems - Industrial Disputes – Dispute Management – Role of Government and Legislations.

UNIT VIII

Human Resource Management in Future – History of personnel Functions – present Status – Trends in Human Resource Management in India – personnel Functions in Future – New Challenges of Human Resource Management – Research in HRM.

              References :-

             1. Michael V.P.: Cases In Human Resource Management – Himalaya publishing House – New Delhi, 1998.
             2. M.N. Rudrabasavaraj: Cases in Human Resource Management – Himalaya publishing House – New Delhi,
                1998.
             3. H. John Bernardin and Richard W. Beatty: performance Appraisal: Assessing Human Behaviour at Work –               Boston: Kent, 1984.
             4. George T. Milkovich and John W. Boudreau: personnel / Human Resource Management: A Diagnostic
                 Approach, 5th Edn. TX: Business publications, 1988.

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MASTER OF ARTS IN HUMAN RESOURCE
M.A. (Human Resource)

SECOND YEAR

  COURSE CODE: 28                                                                                         SUBJECT CODE : H2010

PAPER VI - PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS

UNIT I

Introduction: Importance of Human Factor - Definitions of personnel Management – Functions of personnel Management – Managerial and Operative Functions – Objectives of personnel Management – Qualities of a Good personnel Manager – Evolution and Growth of personnel Management in India.

UNIT II

Planning the personnel Function: personnel philosophy – personnel Objectives – Functions – Duties – Responsibilities – Personnel policies – Need, Types and Coverage – Guidelines for Formulating personnel policies – Advantages of Written policy – The Indian Perspective.

UNIT III

Organising the personnel Function: Forms of Departmentalisation – Coordination and Span of Management – Line and Staff Function – Line and Staff Conflict – Position of personnel Department – principles of Good Organisation – Informal Organisation.

UNIT IV

Leadership: Need for Leadership – Functions of a Leader – Approaches to Studying Leadership – Traits Approach – Behavioural Approach – Ohio State University Study – University of Michigan Leadership Styles – Contingency Approach – Leadership Models – Effective Leadership – Leadership Styles in India Organisations.

UNIT V

Motivation and Job Satisfaction: Definition – Approaches to the Motivation Studies – Motivation Theories – Maslow, Herzberg, McClelland, Vroom, Equity Theory, Reinforcement Theories, Behaviour Theory – Research on Motivation in India – Job Satisfaction – Determinants of Morale – Job Satisfaction and productivity – Morale and productivity – Building Company Morale.

UNIT VI

Employee Communication and Control: Meaning – purpose of Communication – Directions of Communication Flow – Basic Characteristics of Communication Network – Checks on Inplant Communication – Communication in Indian Industries – Informal
Communication – Feature of Grapevine – Steps in Control process – Requirements of Effective Control System – Kinds of Control process – Levels of Audit.

UNIT VII

Procurement of Personnel and performance Appraisal: Determination of Kind of Quality Personnel – Objectives of Manpower Planning – Recruitment and Selection – Procedure in Selection and Recruitment – Interview – Kinds of Interview – Tests – Psychological Tests – Placement and Induction – Recruitment and Selection practices in India. Performance Appraisal – Purpose – Factors – Criteria – Methods – Performance Appraisal of Managers – Limitations of Appraisal Methods – Essentials of a Good Appraisal Systems – performance Appraisal System in India.

UNIT VIII

Training and Job Change: Training, Education, Development – principles of Learning – Selection of Trainees – Training Methods of Operatives – Management Development Methods – Evaluation of Training and Development – Training practices of India – Organisation Development – Organisation Development in India.

Job Change – Job Change plans – promotion – Career Planning – Demotion, Transfers – Separation

              References :-

              1. Calhoon Richard P.:Managing Personnel, Harper & Row – 1987.
              2. Davar Rustom: The Human Side of Management, Progressive Corporation – 1984.
              3. Flippo, E.B.: Principles of personnel Management, McGraw Hill – 1994.
              4. Ghosh, P.: personnel Administration in India – 1990.
              5. Jucius Micheal, J.: personnel Management, Richard Irwin – 1995.

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M.A. (Human Resource)

  COURSE CODE: 28                                                                                         SUBJECT CODE : H2020

PAPER VII - ORGANISATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

UNIT I

Organisational Behaviour – Definition – Historical Perspectives – Human Relations – Organisational Behaviour System – Models – Social Systems – Industrial Behaviour – Learning and Motivation – Behaviour in Groups – Leadership.

UNIT II

Organisational Environment – Environment Forces – Organisational Structure and Design – Technology and Automation – Technology and Information – Organisational Life Cycles – Design Deficiencies – Organisational Conflict, Decline.

UNIT III

Organisational Change – Dynamics of Change – Model for Change in Organisations – Work Change – Response and Resistance to Changes – Costs and Benefits – Implementing Change – Unfreezing Movement – Refreezing.

UNIT IV

Organisational Development – Meaning of Organisational Development – Objectives of Organisatioanl Development – Characteristics of Organisational Development – Systems Orientation – Change Agents – problem Solving – Feed Back – Contingency Orientation – Experimental Learning – Humanistic Values – Team Building.

UNIT V

Organisational Development Approaches – Theoretical Development of Organisational Development – Behavioural Health – Problem Focus and Process Focus – Organisational Development Interventions – Communication – Adaptation – Innovations – Succession.

UNIT VI

Organisational Development Process – Phases in OD – Initial Diagnosis – Data Collection, Feed Back and Confrontation – Action Planning and Problem Solving – Team Building – Inter group Development – Evaluation and Follow-up.

UNIT VII

Training Methods and Techniques – Laboratory Training – Role Playing – Behaviour Modeling – Gaming – Encounter Groups – Survey Guided Development – Quality Work Life (QWL) Programs – Grid Training – Emerging Organisational Development Approaches and Techniques.

UNIT VIII

Organisational Effectiveness and OD – Impact of Change in the Total System – Benefits and Limitations of OD – Problems with Organisational Development – OD in Perspective – Change in Corporate World and the Future of Organizational Behaviour.

              Reference Books

             1. Thomas H. Davenport – Process Innovatio9n: Reengineering Work Through Information Technology
                  (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1992).
             2. W. Warner Burke – Organisation Development (Reading, MA: Addison Wesley, 1987).
             3. Wendell L. French and Cecil H. Bell Jr. _ Organisation Development –
                 Fourth Edition (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1990).

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M.A. (Human Resource)

  COURSE CODE: 28                                                                                         SUBJECT CODE : H2030

PAPER VIII - METHODOLOGY OF TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT

UNIT I

Organisational Change – Changing Environment – Dynamics of Change – Work Change – Forces for Change – Resistance to Change – Model for Change in Organisations.

UNIT II

General Framework for Understanding Change – Diagnosis – Identification of Problems – Implementation – First Order and Second Order Change – Change Cycles – Change Process.

UNIT III

Organisational Development – Characteristics of Organisational Development – Organisational Effectiveness and Organisational Development – Organisational Development Process – Phases in Organisational Development – Interventions.

UNIT IV

Training Methods in Organisational Development – Conventional Training Methods – Coaching, Lecture, Discussion, Case Methods – Laboratory Training – Role Playing – Behaviour Modelling Versus Traditional Training – Gaming – Encounter Groups.

UNIT V

Organisational Development Programs and Techniques (I) – Grid Training - Managerial Grid – Blake – Mouton Grid – New Managerial Grid.

UNIT VI

Organisational Programs and Techniques (I) – Rensis Likert’s Managerial Systems – Systems 1 to 4 Continuum – Fieldler’s Leadership Contingency Model - Vroom – Yetten Contingency Model – Hersey-Blanchard Tri- Dimensional Leader Effectiveness Model – Redding’s 3D Management.

UNIT VII

Organisational Programs and Techniques (III) – Conference Board Management – Training Score – Stanford Power Matrix – Survey Guided Development or Survey Feedback – Team Building – Quality of Work Life (QWL) Programs.

UNIT VIII

Emerging Organisational Development Approaches and Techniques – Simplistic Approach of Kirk – Patrick – Senge’s Learning Organisation – Schein’s Dialogue Approach – Japanese Management – Tom Peters.

             Reference Books

            1. Peter Senker – Towards the Automatic Factory: The Need for Training
                (New York: Springer – Verlag, 1986).
           2. Joh P. Wanous – Organisational Entry: Recruitment, Selection and Socialisation of Newcomers
               (Reading, MA: Addison Wesley, 1980).

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M.A. (Human Resource)

  COURSE CODE: 28                                                                                         SUBJECT CODE : H2040

PAPER IX - DYNAMICS OF MANAGEMENT OF CHANGE

UNIT I

Introduction: Meaning of Managing Change – Importance of Managing Change, Devising a Strategy, Identifying the Need for Change Catalysts and Barriers.

UNIT II

Analysis of the Situation – Being Responsive to Change, Locating A vision and Mission Statement – Analysing the Common Values, Characteristic, Behaviours and Things.

UNIT III

Defining Future Aims – The Impact of Change, Introducing Change, Driving the Change Process.

UNIT IV

Planning & Implementing Change – Taking the Best From the Past, Becoming Receptive to Change.

UNIT V

Managing Change – Skills, Attributes and Knowledge, Auditing Your Needs.

UNIT VI

Communication the Change – Importance of Communication – Communication During Change, Developing Feedback Skills, A-4 Level Model.

UNIT VII

Personal Change – Leading Change – Empowering people to Handle Change, Linking Control with Responsibility.

UNIT VIII

Organisational Change – Auditing Organisational Competences, Identifying Information Needs – New Perspectives – Alvin Tlffler’s Trilogy – Future Shock, Third Wave, Power Shift – John Naisbitt’s Megatrends – perer M. Senge’s Fifth Discipline – Peters and Waterman “In Search of Excellence” – Rosabeth Moss Kanter – “The Challenge of
Organisational Change” – “When Giants Learn to Dance”.

            Reference Books

            1. D.L. Kerkpatrick (Ed.) – How to Manage Change Effectively (San Francisco: Jossey – Bass, 1885).
            2. Karl O. Magnusen (Ed.) – Organisational Design, Development andBehaviour: A Situational View,
                C. Glenview. IL: Scott Foresman, 1977).
            3. Terrence Deal and Allan Kennedy – Corporate Cultures: The Rites and Rituals of Corporate Life
                (Reading MA: Addison – Wesley, 1982).
           4. Tom Peters – Thriving and Chaos (New York: Mnopk, 1991).
           5. Alvin Toffler – Powershift: Knowledge Wealth and Violence at the Edge of the 21st Century
               (New York: Bantam Books, 1990).
           6. John Naisbitt and Patricia Aburdene – Megatrends 2000: Ten New Directions for the 1990’s
               (New york: William Morrow, 1990).

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M.A. (Human Resource)

  COURSE CODE: 28                                                                                         SUBJECT CODE : H2050

PAPER X - MIS IN HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

UNIT I

Introduction to MIS – Types of Information – Classes of Information Systems – Structure of a MIS – Business Processes and Information Systems – Characteristics of successfully managing with Information.

UNIT II

Survey of Information Systems Technology – Hardware, Software and Communications Technology with Information Systems – Storage and Retrieval of Data – Transaction Processing, Office Automation and Information Processing Control Functions.

UNIT III

Information in Decision Making – Phases in the Decision Making Process - Behavioural Models of the Decision Maker and Organisational decision Making – documenting and Communicating Decision Rules – Relevance of Decision Making Concepts for Information Systems design – Value of Information In Decision Making and ;other than in a Decision.

UNIT IV

Humans as Information Processors – Model of Human as Information Processor – Human Information Processing Systems – Limits – Concepts of Human Cognition and Learning – Characteristics of Human Information Processing Performance – Managers as Information Processors.

UNIT V

Planning and Control – Concepts of Organisational Planning – Planning Process – Characteristics of Control Processes – Nature of Control in Organisations – Behaviour of Control Personnel – Information Systems Support for Control.

UNIT VI

Organisational Structure and Management – Basic Model of Organisational Structure – Modifications – Information Processing Model of Organisation Structure – Organisational Culture and Power – Organisational Change – Management theories – Human Motivation – Leadership Style – Job Design – Organisations as socio Technical Systems - Implications of Organisational Structure and Management Theory for MIS.

UNIT VII

Support Systems – Decision Support Systems – Control Support Systems - Support Systems for Management of Knowledge Work – Technology, - Software Support – Organisational Considerations when users are Developers – Impact of Technology.

UNIT VIII

Organisation and Management of Information and Future Developments - Change from Information Systems to Information Resources – Management of Information Systems Personnel – End User Computing – Impact of Information Technology on Organisations and Society – Fifth Generation Computer.

             Reference Books
             1. Shoshana Zuboff: In the Age of the Smart Machine (New york: Basic Books, 1988).
             2. Michael Hammer and James Champy: Reengineering the Corporation (New york: Harper – Collins, 1993).
             3. Julice O’ Maria – Managing Workplace 2000 (San Francisco: Jossey –Boss, 1991).
             4. W.B. Johnston –Work Force 2000: Work and Workers for the 21st Century,
                  (Indianapolis Hudson Institute, 1987).
             5. Vendatesha Murthy – Management Information System (Himalaya Publishing House – 1999).
             6. Kakar and Vaswani –Introduction to Computer System and Application
                 (Himalaya Publishing House, 1995).

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